Astronomy and physics education research and comments, think-pair-share (peer instruction) clicker questions, flashcard questions, in-class activities (lecture-tutorials), current events questions, backwards faded scaffolding laboratories, Hake gains, multiple-choice and essay exam questions, indices of discrimination, presentation slides, photos, ephemerae, astronomy in the marketplace, unrelated random sketches and minutiae.
| 0- 6 : | ** [low = 6] |
| 7-12 : | **** |
| 13-18 : | ****************************** [mean = 18.5 +/- 4.8] |
| 19-24 : | ******************** |
| 25-30 : | *** [high = 30] |
| 0- 8.0 : | ** [low = 5.0] |
| 8.5-16.0 : | ******* |
| 16.5-24.0 : | ************* [mean = 24.9 +/- 9.7] |
| 24.5-32.0 : | ********* |
| 32.5-40.0 : | ************ [high = 40.0] |
| 0- 8.0 : | * [low = 7.5] |
| 8.5-16.0 : | **** |
| 16.5-24.0 : | ********* [mean = 23.0- +/- 6.6] |
| 24.5-32.0 : | ******** |
| 32.5-40.0 : | *** [high = 33.0] |
| 0- 8.0 : | |
| 8.5-16.0 : | * [low = 16.0] |
| 16.5-24.0 : | ************* |
| 24.5-32.0 : | ****************** [mean = 27.9 +/- 6.4] |
| 32.5-40.0 : | **************** [high = 40.0] |
| 0- 8.0 : | |
| 8.5-16.0 : | *** [low = 14.5] |
| 16.5-24.0 : | ********* |
| 24.5-32.0 : | ****** [mean = 26.1 +/- 8.0] |
| 32.5-40.0 : | ******** [high = 40.0] |
