GIF animation: Today is Laser Täg

Physics 205B, spring semester 2020
Cuesta College, San Luis Obispo, CA


"Today is Laser Täg"
flic.kr/p/2ioGjcr
Waifer X

Presentation: total internal reflection

Look at this diamond. Just look at it. All shiny and sparkly.

Realize that when we say it's "shiny" and "sparkly," we're not only looking at the light reflected off of the facets cut into the front surface of the diamond, but also the light reflected off of the facets cut into the back surface of the diamond--which means light within the diamond is reflecting off of a "surface of air!" (Video link: "GIA Diamond - Sparkle scintillation under spot light, 0.75ct, M, Ex Vg Vg, MED.")

More conventionally, this fish as seen underwater is another example of how under certain conditions, light can be reflected off of the "surface of air" above.

In a previous presentation we described how light is redirected at surfaces to undergo (specular) reflection, or refraction. Here we will extend the concept of refraction (and Snell's law) to describe how light undergoes total internal reflection.

First, let's discuss three possible situations for a ray of light starting in a higher refractive index material, and the two conditions necessary for TIR to occur, which can be considered "frustrated refraction."

Keep in mind that total internal reflection (or TIR, for short) occurs only under certain conditions, but when it does occur light will behave as it does according to conventional specular reflection.

A necessary, but not sufficient condition for TIR to occur is for a ray of light in a higher refractive index material n₁ to be incident on a material with a lower refractive index material n₂. In this non-TIR case, since the light ray is transmitted out into the lower refractive index material, then the incident and transmitted angles θ₁ and θ₂ will merely be subject to Snell's law.

Now consider when the incident angle θ₁ (in the higher refractive index material n₁) is such that the transmitted angle θ₂ (in the lower refractive index material n₂) is 90°. When this occurs, the incident angle θ₁ is said to be at its critical angle value θ_c.

Snell's law still applies here, and can be used to solve for this critical angle in the higher refractive index material n₁ that would result in a transmitted angle of 90° in the lower refractive index material n₂. (Even though it's there mathematically, the resulting transmitted ray is not really visible, so don't go looking for that ray traveling along the interface. In fact, all of the energy of the incident ray will be reflected back into the original material.)

To get to the sufficient condition for TIR, then consider the case where the incident angle θ₁ in the higher refractive index material n₁ is greater than the critical angle value θ_c.

In this case, there will be no ray transmitted out into the lower refractive index material n₂, and the ray will instead be totally internally reflected back down into the higher refractive index material n₁, subject to the law of reflection. (If you attempt to implement Snell's law here to find a transmitted angle θ₂ out in the lower refractive index material n₂, you should get a calculator error, which is a signal that the total internal reflection (and thus the law of reflection) applies here, instead of Snell's law).

So in summary we have three possible cases if light starts in a higher refractive index material n₁:

• If the incident angle θ₁ is less than the critical angle θ_c, then Snell's law applies, and can be solved to find the transmitted angle θ₂ out in the lower refractive index material n₂.
• If the incident angle θ₁ is equal to the critical angle θ_c, then the transmitted angle θ₂ = 90° out in the lower refractive index material n₂. (Snell's law still applies here, typically to solve for the value of the critical angle θ_c.)
• If the the incident angle θ₁ is greater than the critical angle θ_c, then the ray will be totally internally reflected back into the higher refractive index material n₁, and the law of reflection applies (while Snell's law would not).

In this sense TIR is "frustrated refraction," as using Snell's law to solve for the transmitted angle in the lower refractive index material n₂ when θ₁ > θ_c would fail, leaving only the law of reflection applicable here.

We can also summarize the two conditions for TIR to occur:

• n₁ > n₂: a ray of light in a higher refractive index material n₁ is incident on a material with a lower refractive index material n₂.
• θ₁ > θ_c: the incident angle in the higher refractive index material is greater than the critical angle value θ_c = sin^-1(n₂/n₁).

If these two conditions are satisfied, then the ray will be total internally reflected back into the higher refractive index material.

Second, some applications of TIR.

An optical fiber allows a light signals to travel for great distances with a minimum loss of strength. Note that although coating the outside of a long glass tube with a reflective mirrored surface would also keep the light bouncing inside of the glass, with the right angle and refractive index every time the light hits this sides, it is incident at angle greater than the critical angle, and TIR occurs, keeping the light from escaping out into the lower refractive index surroundings.

This allows light to travel along optical fibers even if the fibers are not completely straight.

Bundling optical fibers together will allow images to be transmitted through from one end to the other, allowing doctors to see inside of nooks and crannies in our bodies...

...and plumbers to see inside of nooks and crannies inside our houses. (Video link: "Ridgid See Snake Instructions.")

Back to our shiny and sparkly diamond. With cheap rhinestone imitations, the lower surfaces of rock crystals are coated with metal powder to force light from above to be reflected back upwards. However, a "brilliant cut" diamond has been shaped in a certain way...

...such that light from above will be totally internally reflected back upwards by the diamond-air interface at the bottom (sometimes totally internally reflecting many times before exiting out the top), with nothing on the lower surface but air! (Video link: "Diamond.gif.")

Presentation: redirecting light

Now that we've already been introduced to "light," that is, the electromagnetic spectrum, let's take a look at redirecting (visible) light. Note that like presentations in the previous first semester of this college physics sequence, this presentation will hopefully give you a sense of what Bill Nye ("The Science Guy") likes to describe as "PBJ"--the "passion, beauty, and joy" of reflecting and refracting light. We simply don't have time for an exhaustive, comprehensive discussion of this material in class--that's what your textbook is for!

Reflection is redirecting light by bouncing it off of a surface.

Conventionally we consider reflections off of flat surfaces. (Don't worry about what's about to happen here--it's art!)

Even with reflections off of curved surfaces, each point on it can be considered a locally flat surface.

And more "PBJ" for reflections--they have the curious property of reversing front-to-back symmetry (or here in this perspective, left-to-right symmetry).

The law of reflection is simple geometry--for a (visible) ray of light incident on a flat surface, if we measure the angle of incident with respect to the normal (a line drawn perpendicular to the surface), the reflected ray will make the same angle as it leaves the surface. (This law also applies for curved surfaces, provided we look close enough such that it look locally flat.)

Instead of bouncing light off of surfaces, if light can pass into a transparent material, we will have refraction, where it is redirected by being "bent."

Refraction occurs when light starts in one material, and passes into another. (This art installation only gives the illusion of seeing light from people underwater; instead there is only a thin layer of water supported by sheet of glass between these two levels.)

When light does start in one medium, and pass into another medium, it will refract, or bend, which can produce curious results.

Look at the exhaust plume from this jet: heat warms the air and changes its density, making light travel at a different speed through it, and it will be bent in interesting directions. Also note the shockwaves from leading edges on the jet--here air is compressed, and again light traveling through it will be bend it in interesting directions.

Now take a look at this transparent block. Light will travel with a different speed through it than through air, and so the light will be bend in interesting directions. Why can't we see the block when we pour water around it? (Video link: "100108-1140566.")

Quantitatively, "Snell's law" describes how light will bend as it passes from one medium into another medium. Note that angles for both the incident ray and refracted ray are measured with respect to the normal (that imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the interface between the two media). The medium with the lower index of refraction will have the larger angle (actually, the larger sine of that angle). (This law of refraction is commonly known as "Snell's law," but in France it is referred to as "Descartes' law," as René Descartes was French, while Willbrord Snellius was Dutch.)

Since the index of refraction is a measure of the "optical slowness" of a material, a faster speed of light corresponds to a lower index of refraction, and a larger angle, as it travels into a material with a slower speed, a higher index of refraction, and a smaller angle. Mnemonic: "Fast-to-slow, bend towards the normal."

Consider starting in a medium with a greater index of refraction. Note that angles for both the incident ray and refracted ray are still measured with respect to the normal (that imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the interface between the two media). The medium with the higher index of refraction will have the smaller angle (actually, the smaller sine of that angle).

And since the index of refraction is a measure of the "optical slowness" of a material, a slower speed of light corresponds to a higher index of refraction, and a smaller angle, as it travels into a material with a faster speed, a lower index of refraction, and a larger angle. Mnemonic: "Slow-to-fast, bend away from the normal."

Double rainbow, and Alexander's dark band

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http://www.flickr.com/photos/waiferx/3161878992/
Originally uploaded by Waifer X

Close-up of a double rainbow, with Alexander's dark band between them, taken with a Cingular 3125 (HTC "StrTrk") smartphone, in Aiea, HI.

200812301722_139
http://www.flickr.com/photos/waiferx/3161042535/
Originally uploaded by Waifer X

An additional third rainbow, counting the one painted on the side of TheBus, the public transportation system for the City and County of Honolulu.