20191030

Online reading assignment: medium-mass stars, massive stars, neutron stars and black holes (SLO campus)

Astronomy 210, fall semester 2019
Cuesta College, San Luis Obispo, CA

Students have a weekly online reading assignment (hosted by SurveyMonkey.com), where they answer questions based on reading their textbook, material covered in previous lectures, opinion questions, and/or asking (anonymous) questions or making (anonymous) comments. Full credit is given for completing the online reading assignment before next week's lecture, regardless if whether their answers are correct/incorrect. Selected results/questions/comments are addressed by the instructor at the start of the following lecture.

The following questions were asked on reading textbook chapters and previewing presentations on the evolution of medium-mass stars, massive stars, neutron stars and black holes.

Selected/edited responses are given below.

Describe something you found interesting from the assigned textbook reading or presentation preview, and explain why this was personally interesting for you.
"I found the car example to be really interesting. It's cool how we can relate real life things to this subject."

"How the stars can live off of helium after they have depleted all of their hydrogen."

"That helium fuses into heavier elements when it reaches a higher temperature of 100,000,000 K. Chemistry is my favorite subject and I was just very intrigued at that."

"Supernovas are fascinating because they are one of those 'doomsday' events that the sci-fi genre tends to romanticize."

"How in a binary star system, a dying star will begin 'eating' the fuel of its companion star. And if it 'eats' too quick it will explode and kill itself and its partner."

"How sad some white dwarf stars are alone. It's pretty depressing that they starve to death and die alone."

"That when medium-mass stars die they become white dwarfs, and then with a companion star go on to either become a nova or a type Ia supernova."

"The way a white dwarf can suck the hydrogen from a companion star is amazing."

"The death process of the stars, especially, the type II supernova. I did not know anything about how stars die, why they die, and what they become after death."

"Core implosion/explosion is very fun to learn about. I can imagine the outer layers of the star being gravitationally forced to crush the inner core. I can imagine that type II supernova star explosion being fairly colorful and dusty."

"I spent almost my entire high school career researching the death-cycle of stars for my senior project. WAY cool."

"That it would take forever watch something get into the black hole. And the spaghettification effect."

"How black holes can make bipolar jets! That's cool."

"I was always curious as to how black holes formed! They are just so... ominous. I would not want to get near one--they're freaky!"

"I thought this whole lesson was super-interesting, guess I'm goth-ier than I realized haha."

Describe something you found confusing from the assigned textbook reading or presentation preview, and explain why this was personally confusing for you.
"Why a Hummer and a SmartCar can travel the same distance if a Hummer has a larger tank and a SmartCar has a smaller tank."

"Corresponding the correct end-of-life stage to the correct main-sequence star is a bit confusing at first because white dwarfs have technically low mass, but they become one after their medium-mass star depletes its hydrogen and becomes a giant that turns into a white dwarf after all its energy has been exerted."

"Why do massive stars eat anything they can to survive but smaller stars won't eat as much junk?"

"I need more explanation on a star's death and the phases the star takes as it dies."

"How it is possible for a white dwarf (with a companion star) to either flash-fuse or just simply explode. How can it do one or the other? Wouldn't it just do one every time?"

"As much as black holes intrigued me, they also confused the hell out of me. Trying to understand the physics of it all was pretty difficult."

"Time slowing when approaching a black hole's event horizon."

"I'm having trouble wrapping my head around the idea of black holes--why they can't be seen, event horizons, space-time, etc."

"Why the space-time grid is always depicted as a flat surface. I just don't get we they do that. Is it to make it easier to conceptualize?"

"When talking about black holes in space, I understand that we would be able to feel a black hole because of the gravitational pull inward toward it. I'm confused about how the black hole effects space-time."

"A bit of everything since it's all so much to take in."

"Nothing particularly was confusing."

A Hummer H2 and a SmartCar ForTwo can travel the same distance with a full tank of gas. Briefly explain how this is possible.
"The fuel usage for a SmartCar is way lower than the fuel usage of a Hummer, but a Hummer has way more fuel available to it than the SmartCar."

"A Hummer has a larger tank with lower gas mileage while the SmartCar has a smaller tank with higher gas mileage. These factors balance each other out between the two cars and give them both the same traveling distance."

"The Hummer could have a bigger gas tank than the SmartCar. And the SmartCar would have better gas mileage."

"The Hummer can hold a lot of gallons of gas, but it burns through it very quickly (bad gas mileage). A SmartCar doesn't hold very many gallons but burns through it very slowly (good gas mileage)."

"I'm kind of confused on how to explain this. It didn't make sense to me at all."

Match the end-of-life stage with the corresponding main-sequence star.
(Only correct responses shown.)
Black hole: massive main sequence star [92%]
Neutron star: massive main sequence star [76%]
White dwarf: medium-mass main-sequence star [80%]
(No stellar remnant observed yet): low-mass main-sequence star [72%]

Match the type of explosion (if possible) with the corresponding main-sequence star.
(Only correct responses shown.)
Type II supernova: massive main sequence star: [88%]
Type Ia supernova: medium-mass main-sequence star [92%]
Nova: medium-mass main-sequence star [56%]
Low-mass main-sequence star: (no explosion possible) [56%]

If you were to leap into a black hole, your friends would typically watch you falling in for __________ before you entered the event horizon.
seconds.  * [1]
hours.  ** [2]
days.  * [1]
a year.  [0]
many years.  * [1]
forever.  ***************** [17]
(Unsure/guessing/lost/help!)  *** [3]

The first rule of astronomy class is...
"Show interest in space."

"Observe the world around you."

"To actually show up and attend class!"

"Don't procrastinate."

"Question everything you thought you knew."

"Read the syllabus and get your starwheel."

"I'm not too sure. Show up early? Wear old clothes? Bring a sledgehammer?"

"A foot-measuring device is for feet only."

"I feel like this was a trick question and I searched the text for it, but ultimately just ended up confused. The first rule is to learn to the best of your abillity?"

"You do not talk about astronomy class."

Ask the instructor an anonymous question, or make a comment. Selected questions/comments may be discussed in class.
"I need a lot of explanation on the main sequence stars and explosions, plus how the lifetimes work."

"Dying stars are cool."

"Was our solar system (planets, asteroids, etc.) created by another star or from our sun? If by a different star, where is that star now?" (Anything other than hydrogen in our solar system was created by massive stars that exploded a long time ago (we don't know where those first-generation stars that lived and died are anymore). Then when our sun starting forming out of unused hydrogen from those previous stars, it gathered up the elements created by those stars around it to make the planets. #deepthoughts)

"Talk about black holes, I can't get enough."

"'Spaghettification' is my new favorite word."

"Do you like Star Wars? (Well, probably just the original trilogy. And maybe Rogue One.)"

"What is "nothing"? Can there be such a thing? I just watched '2013 Isaac Asimov Memorial Debate: The Existence of Nothing' and now my brain hurts and I'm not satisfied with the answers given there." (Now you're making my brain hurt. #deepthoughts)

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