"...but to praise their trigonometric sensibilities!" Eh. Boring, yes, but important.
Briefly, given the magnitude and direction of a vector, the cosine and sine trigonometric functions allow the x- and y- components of a vector to be calculated.
Conversely, given the x- and y- components of a vector, the Pythagorean theorem and the inverse tangent trigonometric function allow the magnitude and direction of a vector to be calculated.
Note that there is a fair amount of care to be taken in determining the right ± signs and angles here, as not all vectors are conveniently going to be located in the first quadrant. Caveat geometer.
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