20101227

Education research: ALLS pre- to post-instruction attitude shifts (Cuesta College, Fall 2010)

Student attitudes are assessed using an Astronomy Laboratory Learning Survey (ALLS), a five-point Likert scale questionnaire with demographic questions, and entry/exit evaluation questions (Patrick M. Len, in development) to Astronomy 210L students at Cuesta College, San Luis Obispo, CA. This laboratory course is a one-semester, adjunct course to Astronomy 210 lecture, and is taken primarily by students to satisfy their general education science laboratory transfer requirement.

The ALLS is administered as a pre-test on the first laboratory meeting, before any introduction/instruction took place; and as a post-test on the last laboratory meeting.

The results from the pre- and post-test questions follow below. Values for the mean and standard deviations are given next to the modal response category for each question, along with a Student t-test for the probability of null hypothesis rejection, and the class-wise Hake gain. (Matched-pair Hake gains were not calculated for each student, as pre-instruction values such as "5" would result in undefined values.) For statistical purposes, blank entries were treated as "3. Neutral," and multiply-circled entries such as "12," "23," "34," and "45" were treated as "1," "2," "4," and "5" respectively.
Cuesta College
Astronomy Laboratory Learning Survey (ALLS)
Pre- and post-instruction results
Astronomy 210L Fall 2010 sections 70178, 70186, 70200

1. I am interested in using a telescope or binoculars for astronomy.
Pre-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 3 : ***
2. Disagree 11 : ***********
3. Neutral 12 : ************
4. Agree 35 : *********************************** [3.6 +/- 1.1]
5. Strongly agree 16 : ****************

Post-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 0 :
2. Disagree 0 :
3. Neutral 12 : ************
4. Agree 27 : *************************** [4.1 +/- 0.7]
5. Strongly agree 19 : *******************

Student t-test p = 0.0050 (t = -2.86, sd = 0.949, dof = 133)
Class-wise <g> = +0.35

2. Astronomy has little relation to what I experience in the real world.
Pre-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 11 : ***********
2. Disagree 36 : ************************************ [2.4 +/- 0.9]
3. Neutral 20 : ********************
4. Agree 7 : *******
5. Strongly agree 2 : **

Post-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 9 : *********
2. Disagree 28 : **************************** [2.3 +/- 0.9]
3. Neutral 16 : ****************
4. Agree 3 : ***
5. Strongly agree 2 : **

Student t-test p = 0.74 (t = 0.332, sd = 0.932, dof = 132)
Class-wise <g> = -0.02

3. I know where and how to look up astronomy information.
Pre-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 8 : ********
2. Disagree 25 : *************************
3. Neutral 25 : ************************* [2.7 +/- 1.0]
4. Agree 16 : ****************
5. Strongly agree 2 : **

Post-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 0 :
2. Disagree 1 : *
3. Neutral 7 : *******
4. Agree 30 : ****************************** [4.2 +/- 0.7]
5. Strongly agree 20 : ********************

Student t-test p < 0.0001 (t = -9.47, sd = 0.888, dof = 132)
Class-wise <g> = +0.64

4. I know where and how to find objects in the night sky.
Pre-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 11 : ***********
2. Disagree 25 : *************************
3. Neutral 21 : ********************* [2.7 +/- 1.1]
4. Agree 16 : ****************
5. Strongly agree 4 : ****

Post-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 0 :
2. Disagree 1 : *
3. Neutral 9 : *********
4. Agree 37 : ************************************ [4.0 +/- 0.6]
5. Strongly agree 11 : ******

Student t-test p < 0.0001 (t = -7.93, sd = 0.942, dof = 133)
Class-wise <g> = +0.57

5. I am interested in news that is related to astronomy.
Pre-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 0 :
2. Disagree 3 : ***
3. Neutral 13 : *************
4. Agree 43 : ******************************************* [4.0 +/- 0.7]
5. Strongly agree 17 : *****************

Post-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 0 :
2. Disagree 3 : ***
3. Neutral 12 : ************
4. Agree 24 : ************************ [4.0 +/- 0.9]
5. Strongly agree 19 : *******************

Student t-test p = 0.76 (t = 0.311, sd = 0.802, dof = 132)
Class-wise <g> = +0.04

6. I often ask myself questions related to astronomy.
Pre-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 2 : **
2. Disagree 10 : **********
3. Neutral 27 : ***************************
4. Agree 28 : **************************** [3.4 +/- 1.0]
5. Strongly agree 10 : **********

Post-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 2 : **
2. Disagree 8 : ********
3. Neutral 14 : ************** [3.6 +/- 1.1]
4. Agree 23 : ***********************
5. Strongly agree 11 : ***********

Student t-test p = 0.47 (t = -0.727, sd = 1.01, dof = 133)
Class-wise <g> = +0.08

7. I am comfortable using a calculator to make complex calculations.
Pre-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 9 : *********
2. Disagree 4 : ****
3. Neutral 18 : ******************
4. Agree 33 : ********************************* [3.5 +/- 1.2]
5. Strongly agree 13 : *************

Post-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 2 : **
2. Disagree 3 : ***
3. Neutral 13 : *************
4. Agree 24 : ************************ [3.8 +/- 1.0]
5. Strongly agree 16 : ****************

Student t-test p = 0.062 (t = -1.88, sd = 1.11, dof = 133)
Class-wise <g> = +0.24

8. I can make sense of equations and scientific notation numbers.
Pre-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 4 : ****
2. Disagree 5 : *****
3. Neutral 21 : *********************
4. Agree 36 : ************************************ [3.6 +/- 1.0]
5. Strongly agree 10 : **********

Post-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 0 :
2. Disagree 5 : *****
3. Neutral 11 : ***********
4. Agree 30 : ****************************** [3.8 +/- 0.9]
5. Strongly agree 12 : ************

Student t-test p = 0.088 (t = -1.72, sd = 0.930, dof = 132)
Class-wise <g> = +0.20

9. I prefer to work independently rather than in groups.
Pre-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 7 : *******
2. Disagree 20 : ********************
3. Neutral 34 : ********************************** [2.9 +/- 1.1]
4. Agree 4 : ****
5. Strongly agree 12 : ************

Post-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 9 : *********
2. Disagree 17 : *****************
3. Neutral 19 : ******************* [2.7 +/- 1.2]
4. Agree 6 : ******
5. Strongly agree 7 : *******

Student t-test p = 0.38 (t = 0.887, sd = 1.17, dof = 133)
Class-wise <g> = -0.09

10. I can understand difficult concepts better if I am able to explain them
to others.
Pre-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 2 : **
2. Disagree 14 : **************
3. Neutral 23 : ***********************
4. Agree 26 : ************************** [3.4 +/- 1.0]
5. Strongly agree 12 : ************

Post-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 1 : *
2. Disagree 4 : ****
3. Neutral 11 : ***********
4. Agree 28 : **************************** [3.9 +/- 0.9]
5. Strongly agree 14 : **************

Student t-test p = 0.011 (t = -2.58, sd = 0.995, dof = 133)
Class-wise <g> = +0.28

11. I can understand difficult concepts better if I am able to ask lots of
questions.
Pre-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 0 :
2. Disagree 4 : ****
3. Neutral 17 : ************
4. Agree 40 : **************************************** [3.9 +/- 0.8]
5. Strongly agree 15 : ***************

Post-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 0 :
2. Disagree 4 : ****
3. Neutral 10 : **********
4. Agree 29 : ***************************** [3.9 +/- 0.8]
5. Strongly agree 15 : ***************

Student t-test p = 0.57 (t = 0.562, sd = 0.814, dof = 132)
Class-wise <g> = +0.07

12. Knowledge in astronomy consists of many pieces of information each of which
applies primarily to a specific situation.
Pre-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 0 :
2. Disagree 6 : ******
3. Neutral 44 : ******************************************** [3.3 +/- 0.7]
4. Agree 19 : *******************
5. Strongly agree 5 : *****

Post-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 0 :
2. Disagree 2 : **
3. Neutral 28 : ****************************
4. Agree 19 : ******************* [3.6 +/- 0.8]
5. Strongly agree 9 : *********

Student t-test p = 0.028 (t = -2.22, sd = 0.753, dof = 130)
Class-wise <g>> = +0.17

13. I am good at math.
Pre-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 9 : *********
2. Disagree 13 : *************
3. Neutral 17 : *****************
4. Agree 33 : ********************************* [3.2 +/- 1.1]
5. Strongly agree 5 : *****

Post-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 6 : ******
2. Disagree 12 : ************
3. Neutral 14 : ************** [3.2 +/- 1.2]
4. Agree 19 : *******************
5. Strongly agree 7 : *******

Student t-test p = 1.00 (t = 0.00331, sd = 1.17, dof = 133)
Class-wise <g> = 0

14. I am good at science.
Pre-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 3 : ***
2. Disagree 11 : ***********
3. Neutral 22 : ********************** [3.4 +/- 1.0]
4. Agree 35 : ***********************************
5. Strongly agree 6 : ******

Post-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 3 : ***
2. Disagree 6 : ******
3. Neutral 23 : *********************** [3.3 +/- 1.0]
4. Agree 20 : ********************
5. Strongly agree 6 : ******

Student t-test p = 0.79 (t = 0.265, sd = 0.971, dof = 133)
Class-wise <g> = -0.03

15. This course will be/was difficult for me.
Pre-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 2 : **
2. Disagree 29 : *****************************
3. Neutral 30 : ****************************** [2.8 +/- 0.9]
4. Agree 13 : *************
5. Strongly agree 3 : ***

Post-instruction
1. Strongly disagree 9 : *********
2. Disagree 19 : ******************* [2.5 +/- 1.0]
3. Neutral 24 : ************************
4. Agree 4 : ****
5. Strongly agree 2 : **

Student t-test p = 0.048 (t = 1.99, sd = 0.917, dof = 133)
Class-wise <g> = -0.15

A statistically significant (p < 0.05) positive shift was observed for the interest in using telescopes/binoculars in astronomy (question 1); there was a statistically insignificant positive shift in Spring 2010, and notably a statistically significant (p < 0.05) negative shift in Fall 2009!

Also no statistically significant (p > 0.05) shifts were observed for relating astronomy to personal experience (question 2), interest in astronomy-related news (question 5), pondering astronomy-related questions (question 6), self-efficacy in use of calculators and math in astronomy (questions 7 and 8), individual/group learning habits (questions 9 and 11), and self-efficacy in math/science (questions 13 and 14).

However, there are statistically significant (p < 0.05) gains in being able to find astronomy-related news/information (question 3), finding night sky objects (question 4), understanding concepts better by explaining (question 10), disconnectedness in astronomy concepts (question 12), and rating the expected/experience difficulty of this course (question 15). The first two of these positive self-reported shifts correlate well with two of the student learning outcomes for this course:
  • Keep abreast of present-day discoveries and developments in astronomy (current events).
  • Construct and use devices to measure locations and sizes on the celestial sphere (observational astronomy).
(For completeness, the remaining four student learning outcomes are listed below, and are measured primarily through grade-related assessment):
  • Apply laws of spectroscopy and gravitation to remotely determine properties of satellites, planets, and stars (astronometry).
  • Develop and test physical models of the properties of solar system bodies (planetology).
  • Collect data, evaluate the data using error analysis, draw conclusions from the data.
  • Explain the information in a laboratory report.
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