| 0- 8.0 : | |
| 8.5-16.0 : | **** [low = 13.5] |
| 16.5-24.0 : | ****** |
| 24.5-32.0 : | ************ [mean = 27.5 +/- 6.9] |
| 32.5-40.0 : | ************ [high = 36.5] |
| 0- 8.0 : | |
| 8.5-16.0 : | ****** [low = 11] |
| 16.5-24.0 : | ****** [mean = 21.7 +/- 6.8] |
| 24.5-32.0 : | ******* |
| 32.5-40.0 : | ** [high = 33] |
"I'm excited to learn more about how fusion works. It just seems cool."
"How fusion only happens in the core of a star."
"I appreciated the cheerleader analogy, it actually really helped to be able to visualize what's happening at the sun's core."
"It is fascinating that lower-mass stars last longer than the current age of our universe, although it makes sense because, effectively, they are 'burning' slower."
"I thought it was funny that big stars burn out faster. For some reason reminded me of sumo wrestlers."
"Luminosity depends on mass for only main sequence stars--I thought that would apply for all stars."
"I just found how main sequence stars are ordered by mass, however the other stars (giants, super giants, and white dwarfs) aren't. It just caught my attention."
"That after a star runs out of hydrogen it dies :("
"It's amazing that there is so much matter in space, I thought it was just empty space."
"I thought the nebulae were super-cool (and super pretty). It's kinda weird to think about there being 'clouds' in space, I like it though."
"That nebulae are different colors due to the way photons interact with gas/dust."
"How the different components of nebulae determine their colors."
"I found that when there are a cluster of stars and when dust is around from the stars they turn into little planets around the star. This was interesting to me because when you look at the picture of the star cluster it just looks like a bunch of stars."
"Supernovae are interesting because they can 'kickstart' the formation of new stars."
"Star formation was one of the things I was most curious about coming into this class. It's interesting to learn about the process."
"Fusion because there's big words and I am tired so my brains not really working if I'm being honest."
"I find the H-R diagram to be confusing at times. I think it has to do with the multitude of variables displayed. I thought I had it figured out last class, but then certain stars break from the mass-luminosity relationship. Conceptually that might have thrown me off some. My plan to further my understanding is to maybe ask for a walkthrough in class."
"I found the plotting of the other stars off the main-sequence a bit confusing because there's no correlation between their mass and luminosity."
"The main sequence lifetimes for different sizes of stars confused me for a little bit because I read it wrong when I first read it. At first I though the bigger stars would stick around the longest."
"Hydrostatic equilibrium and fusion."
"I'm not super-confused but would just like more practice with determining what is and isn't in a nebula."
"Learning about the different types of nebulae was a bit confusing for me. For the reflection nebula, it's hard for me to imagine how the cloud filters out the certain colors from the star hitting it. I don't understand how these nebulae behave differently in space based on their composition."
"The H-R diagram doesn't make sense to me, but I think I understand the house party model?"
"I don't understand the H-R diagram; specifically the turn-off point."
"It's all rather hard to grasp."
"Nothing in particular, what I read made sense to me. "
"I didn’t find anything confusing."
Massive: brightest luminosity [100%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium luminosity [96%]
Low mass (red dwarf): dimmest luminosity [96%]
Massive: fastest fusion rate [78%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium fusion rate [96%]
Low mass (red dwarf): slowest fusion rate [81%]
break heavy elements apart. ***** [5] create convection currents. *** [3] overcome gravity. ** [2] overcome repulsion. *************** [15] (Unsure/guessing/lost/help!) ** [2]
"Because it is much more effective at higher temperatures. The collisions between nuclei would not happen at room temperature."
"Fusion requires high pressure and temperatures. When pressure and temperatures are low, then hydrogen does not get squeezed as much and it moves too slowly to collide with one another."
"Because hydrogen can only be fused if it is moving very fast and under lots of pressure for enough force to overcome proton-proton repulsion."
"The amount of pressure required would be ridiculous."
Emission: pink [93%]
Reflection: blue [93%]
Dark: brown/black [100%]
Emission: hydrogen [96%]
Reflection: small dust particles [100%]
Dark: large dust particles [96%]
Massive: shortest main-sequence lifetime [67%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium main-sequence lifetime [96%]
Low mass (red dwarf): longest main-sequence lifetime [70%]
Early, or on time. ***** [5] When the most people should be there. ********************* [21] After most everyone has left. * [1]
"Why aren't the other types of stars ordered in terms of their masses on the H-R diagram?" (Because they're dying or dead stars that ran out of hydrogen in their cores.)
"I need more help on the H-R diagram and the mass and luminosity stuff."
"The H-R diagram is a little confusing to tell which stars have a higher/lower luminosity. From what I read the bottom stars have less right?" (Correct.)
"How do stars form from dust clouds? Or is it the hydrogen in the dust clouds that forms the stars? where does the dust come from in the first place?" (The universe started out with just hydrogen, which formed the first stars. Then after the stars fused hydrogen into other stuff, they they exploded, such that when subsequent stars can form (from the remaining unused hydrogen), planets can form around them from the "dust" that was produced from the previous generation.)
"My mind was blown when they said that there are more stars than grains of sand on Earth. That's insane! What's the method for counting all the grains of sand though?" (Count how many grains of sand in a handful; then estimate how many handfuls of sand there are...)
"So, when the Enterprise hides in a nebula from a Klingon warship (in the movie Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan), wouldn't it be best for it to be a dark nebula, with the large clumpy dust particles? But then it shouldn't have looked like a big glowing cloud, right?" (You sound like you know way too much astronomy.)
"I found dark nebulas to be interesting. When I was thinking about it, the night sky is already dark. If you look at a long exposure photograph you could then see these dark clusters called dark nebulas. It's amazing that they are completely blocking a viewer on Earth from seeing some stars because of their thick dust clouds. My question is, can you see them with the naked eye, or only through photographs? I feel like I would have noticed a patch of the night sky missing by now." (There aren't any big dark nebulae close for us see them with the naked eye noticeably blocking stars, but if you do a time exposure so you can see faint, distant stars, you can make out a variety of dark nebulae that block out those really faint stars; those dark nebulae especially stand out with the Milky Way as a background.)
"Can a supernova be the birthplace of a black hole?" (It is, specifically a type II supernova.)
"Would you ever actually have a house party with your students to see who was truly honest about their answer on this assignment?" (That sounds like a science experiment to me.)
"You have any fun plans for Halloween?" (Mrs. P-dog and I celebrate Madonnaween.)
"The H-R diagram is great once you know how to read it."
"It was interesting to find out the luminosity, size and temperature for the stars using the H-R diagram."
"Big stars don't last as long as small ones, it makes sense but it just feel more right that because they're big it's a longer time for them to burn out."
"One thing I found interesting about main sequence stars is that the more massive they are, the more luminous they are."
"I had heard of nuclear fusion, but I didn't realize that was what fueled a star. It puts our efforts to replicate it here on Earth into perspective."
"Did not know that there were dust clouds in space that block out stars to where it looks like there is a black blotch."
"That there are different nebula as I was very vaguely informed on what one even was."
"Something that I found very interesting from this presentation was the notion of nebulas. Nebulas look like clouds in space but they serve a much larger purpose."
"How the reflection, emission, and dark nebula get their colors."
"Something that I found personally confusing was the part where it talked about fusion, I was confused because the presentation doesn't really go into depth as to how it works. If you could explain it that would be great."
"Cold fusion, I just can't wrap my mind around it. Hydrogen and its isotopes at room temperature dissolve into a specific solid at such a high concentration a strong nuclear force occurs and boom, cold fusion?"
"Lifetime of stars?"
"Interstellar medium. I think I have the base idea about it but I would how we were able to find the interstellar dust in the vacuum of space."
"Is this a trick question? Everything’s confusing before you understand it 🤷♂️."
"I personally found all the reading to be a bit of an information overload and hope to have a lot of things clarified by next class."
Massive: brightest luminosity [100%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium luminosity [100%]
Low mass (red dwarf): dimmest luminosity [100%]
Massive: fastest fusion rate [71%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium fusion rate [100%]
Low mass (red dwarf): slowest fusion rate [71%]
break heavy elements apart. ***** [5] create convection currents. **** [4] overcome gravity. ** [2] overcome repulsion. *** [3] (Unsure/guessing/lost/help!) [0]
"Under low pressures and temperatures, hydrogen does not get squeezed very much, and moves too slowly, they won't collide with each other."
"Because nuclear fusion requires high temperatures to overcome the natural forces that normally prevent that kind of thing."
"Due to the fact that nuclei which are positively charge would not collided with each other but would repulse each other so the atoms could not create energy."
"Fusion can't happen in cold temperatures because protons are positively charged and repel each other."
"Have no clue."
"I'm not sure."
Emission: pink [86%]
Reflection: blue [86%]
Dark: brown/black [93%]
Emission: hydrogen [86%]
Reflection: small dust particles [71%]
Dark: large dust particles [71%]
Massive: shortest main-sequence lifetime [64%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium main-sequence lifetime [93%]
Low mass (red dwarf): longest main-sequence lifetime [57%]
Early, or on time. ******** [8] When the most people should be there. ***** [5] After most everyone has left. * [1]
"Does interstellar matter dust turn into a planet or a star? Both?" (Yes, either is possible.)
"I found this survey a bit difficult and could really use extra help."
"The picture of the nebulae are cool and I think we show see more of them."
"Nebulae have amazing colors."
"I love learning about stars! They're one of the most fascinating subjects in astronomy for me, given that our star is the only reason we're even alive."
| 0- 8.0 : | |
| 8.5-16.0 : | **** [low = 9.0] |
| 16.5-24.0 : | ************ |
| 24.5-32.0 : | ******* [mean = 24.7 +/- 7.9] |
| 32.5-40.0 : | ******** [high = 40.0] |
| 0- 8.0 : | * [low = 7.5] |
| 8.5-16.0 : | ***** |
| 16.5-24.0 : | ************** [mean = 23.5 +/- 6.5] |
| 24.5-32.0 : | ***************** |
| 32.5-40.0 : | **** [high = 36.5] |
"I find it interesting how many stars are out there and how they work. I don't understand how everything works, but it's great to know that there are people that care and share their learning with us to help us understand."
"I thought it was interesting about the weight of the layers in the sun being related to water in a swimming pool because that example helped me understand it."
"The cheerleader example for pressure and mass really helped."
"How you used cheerleaders as a representation for how more or less pressure on the core of a star produces more or less fusion and thus is brighter, or dimmer."
"The section on the star mass and luminosity relationship, because different types of stars have different relationships between mass, density, and luminosity."
"How there are only three true nebulae colors meaning there are a lot of fake pictures of space."
"I really liked reading about nebulae. I never knew there were more than one type, and apparently there are three."
"It was really cool to learn the reasons behind certain colors of nebulae. I didn't know that emission gave off a pinkish color, or that reflection was blue, but the example about cigarette smoke sometimes taking on the blue tint made sense."
"Learning more about how a star forms was quite interesting. They are such massive objects, its fascinating seeing how they started."
"Supernova shockwaves seem like an interesting subject to look into further."
"Pictures of cheerleaders. Just kidding. I really like the house party model, it's a great way to remember this! It was one of the easiest to remember models so far in class."
"I found your house party diagram very helpful in describing the different types of stars, it helps me visualize the subject better."
"Having been to lots of house parties I found the house party model to be the most interesting."
"I thought the house party analogy was very funny but also a good technique to help us remember information on the stars."
"I actually thought the house party model was helpful :P at first I was like how can this even relate to astronomy but then reading on I was like 'ohhhh.' Also, I was on Xbox as I was reading that and it just made the whole thing relatable."
"The H-R diagram is kinda confusing to me."
"I found the H-R diagram to be confusing to me because I'm not sure how to use it."
"I'd like a deeper explanation of fusion, it's a lot."
"Fusion was actually really confusing for me. I don't really understand it, I think the book just confused me when I tried to read it."
"I was very confused about the proton-proton chain and CNO cycles."
"Hydrostatic equilibrium was a confusing concept, just because it seemed pretty complicated, but I feel like I can understand it if I just study the GIF animation a bit more."
"Fusion rates."
"Why are the masses all over the place for the non-main sequence stars?"
"Whether a nebula emits light itself, or is it reflecting light."
Massive: brightest luminosity [90%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium luminosity [97%]
Low mass (red dwarf): dimmest luminosity [90%]
Massive: fastest fusion rate [77%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium fusion rate [93%]
Low mass (red dwarf): slowest fusion rate [80%]
break heavy elements apart. ***** [5] create convection currents. ***** [5] overcome gravity. *** [3] overcome repulsion. ************* [13] (Unsure/guessing/lost/help!) **** [4]
"Because the hydrogen nuclei are both positive so they naturally repel each other. So they need to be hot to move fast such that they overcome their repulsion. The atomic nuclei have to come at each other with enough speed and temperature to break the repulsion. An object's temperature is just a measure of the overage speed with which its particles move. A high temperature ensures that collisions, between nuclei are violent and a high density ensures that there are enough collisions, to produce enough energy to keep the sun stable. Cold fusion is implausible because there needs to be heat in order to be collisions. "
Emission: pink [90%]
Reflection: blue [87%]
Dark: brown/black [90%]
Emission: hydrogen [83%]
Reflection: small dust particles [83%]
Dark: large dust particles [83%]
Massive: shortest main-sequence lifetime [90%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium main-sequence lifetime [93%]
Low mass (red dwarf): longest main-sequence lifetime [83%]
Early, or on time. ****** [6] When the most people should be there. ************************ [24] After most everyone has left. [0]
"Would it be possible to go over fusion in class? I don't really understand it."
"The textbook states that 'true stars' are powered by nuclear fusion. Is there such a thing as a 'false star?' the stars we see at night or is it a sun-like star but powered by something else?" (A "star" in general denotes something that emits light from its own energy source. The main-sequence stars (what we could consider as "true stars") fuse hydrogen in their cores to produce energy. Protostars aren't hot enough to fuse hydrogen, but they produce energy from their own gravitational contraction. Supergiants and giants produce energy from fusing stuff heavier than hydrogen.)
"I'd like a fair amount of lecture on these topics."
"Did you come up with the house party analogy yourself?" (Actually, yes.)
"The house party model was totally relatable. Thanks for that."
"What's the craziest party story you have from when you went to college?" (I don't really remember specific details. So maybe it really was a crazy party. #coolstorybro)
"What happens when a star explodes?" (We'll find out in next week's class.)
"With all the squeezing that takes place from a sun collapsing into black holes, and the pressure there being so immense, could there possibly be a new form of fusion taking place past the event horizon?" (Well, no one will every know what goes on within the event horizon.)
"If hydrogen is just one proton and no neutrons, but all protons 'hate each other,' how the heck can a molecular cloud be filled with proton-rich hydrogen, yet still 'self-start' by continually clumping together exponentially until it somehow pulls in even more stuff to create more complex structures? It just seems kinda contradictory." (Don't underestimate the power of the gravitational force. If a molecular cloud is cool enough that stuff moves slowly, and if it is large enough (light years across), then over time gravitational forces between everything will eventually pull the cloud in on itself to make a star (or planets).)
"Do you speak other languages?" (Is Hawaiian pidgin a language?)
"I think it's crazy that we know what goes on inside of a star on such a small scale."
"I found fusion in general to be interesting because I never really bothered to try to really look into it. It was cool to find it had to do with overcoming repulsion rather than just simply coming together at random moments.
"I liked learning about the different layers of the sun."
"How different colors can be seen in space. Why this is interesting to me is because in middle school we learned that all those colors were photoshopped because no waves (sound and light) could travel through space."
"The pictures of the interstellar medium because they were so pretty and captivating."
"Interstellar reddening"
"For main-sequence stars the mass is correlated the luminosity but other stars do not follow this pattern because there is no correlation between their mass and their luminosity."
"he cheerleader model of the pressure between massive and low-mass stars. It helped me understand how stars get their energy and heat."
"I enjoyed reading about nebula colors."
"It was cool learning the differences of colors in nebulae and why they are different."
"No offense but I couldn't really find any interest with these chapters? It was basic information, but I couldn't really get any enjoyment from this particular section, sorry...?"
"Learning about the types of nebulas."
"Is fusion caused by pressure, or heat? Is it a mix of both or could it happen with just one of those elements?"
"Turn-off points confused me when referring to the house party model. How do you determine which ones are 'coming' and which ones are 'leaving?'"
"What I found slightly confusing was the self-starting and kick-started star formation."
"Fusion confused me somewhat just because there was a lot to it and I didn't understand all of it fully."
"I still think that protons and fusions are still confusing to me, I'm not sure why I've just always had a problem with this kind of stuff."
"The fusion process."
"The H-R diagram. Im not sure how to interpret the information and I would love to have some more elaboration on the topic."
"Fusion rates."
"The H-R diagram was something that took me a few times to understand, but once I understood what it was, it cleared up a lot of the chapter for me."
"Lining up the type of stars with temperature, size, and luminosities."
Massive: brightest luminosity [95%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium luminosity [100%]
Low mass (red dwarf): dimmest luminosity [95%]
Massive: fastest fusion rate [75%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium fusion rate [100%]
Low mass (red dwarf): slowest fusion rate [75%]
break heavy elements apart. ** [2] create convection currents. *** [3] overcome gravity. *** [3] overcome repulsion. ********** [10] (Unsure/guessing/lost/help!) ** [2]
"You need high temperatures in order to allow the hydrogen to get squeezed and move very quickly which means they collide a lot and are able to fuse."
"The hydrogen would not be moving fast enough to hit hard enough to fuse."
Emission: pink [70%]
Reflection: blue [70%]
Dark: brown/black [95%]
Emission: hydrogen [60%]
Reflection: small dust particles [80%]
Dark: large dust particles [55%]
Massive: shortest main-sequence lifetime [60%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium main-sequence lifetime [95%]
Low mass (red dwarf): longest main-sequence lifetime [60%]
Early, or on time. ****** [6] When the most people should be there. ************** [14] After most everyone has left. [0]
"So in the question about the house party...does that mean everyone that goes is a star? Such a nice compliment."
"What kind of star (in the house party model) would resemble someone who comes early AND leaves late?"
"Why do you ask irrelevant questions at the end of the homework? Totally cool, just wondering." (Those questions aren't really irrelevant.)
"Do you have a guess on why some people think Earth is flat and not round?" (Never underestimate the power of first principles.)
| 0- 8.0 : | * [low = 8.0] |
| 8.5-16.0 : | ******* |
| 16.5-24.0 : | ************ [mean = 22.1 +/- 7.8] |
| 24.5-32.0 : | ********** |
| 32.5-40.0 : | **** [high = 40.0] |
| 0- 8.0 : | * [low = 8.0] |
| 8.5-16.0 : | ***** |
| 16.5-24.0 : | ****** [mean = 20.7 +/- 6.9] |
| 24.5-32.0 : | ***** |
| 32.5-40.0 : | * [high = 33.0] |
"The different types of nebulas, because of the different type of colors that they can make! Really cool images."
"How the mass of a star will effect its luminosity. On the suffers it seems as it just makes sense because you know, bigger is better. But honestly I never thought about how its mass affects its inner workings and the area that causes it be bright."
"The lifespan of different types of stars. its interesting to see what creates and ends stars."
"The cheerleader analogy, which is more pressure, and squeezing results in more energy and luminosity."
"That nebulae had different colors. I found it interesting because when I would think of space I would think that it was mostly just black and white."
"I honestly never even knew at first what a nebula was, only that it had something to do with space. So, to learn about the formation of clouds in our infinite universe and their properties was especially interesting."
"Stars in a star cluster are all born at the same time, so they are equally old, but they will 'age; differently, some progressing faster than others. I found this interesting because I did know that all star clusters were born in the same time."
"I would like more clarification on how to read the H-R diagram."
"The composition of different types of nebulas. I took my time with it, and I think I got it, but I'm unsure."
"How hydrostatic equilibrium works and how is it that it connects to the layers of a star."
"The stuff about hydrogen fusion and the proton-proton chain. theres a lot of technical language that makes it a little hard to interpret."
"Why is it that the clouds around stars aren't always just exploding all the time? It seems like there are always things in space that are exploding. But why is it that all these gasses and dust just seems to sit in space between stars."
"What different types of people have to do with massive stars, medium mass stars and low mass stars [in the house party model]."
"Nothing in particular. I trust most of my confusions and questions are put at ease when we actually discuss them in class."
Massive: brightest luminosity [93%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium luminosity [93%]
Low mass (red dwarf): dimmest luminosity [100%]
Massive: fastest fusion rate [79%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium fusion rate [93%]
Low mass (red dwarf): slowest fusion rate [86%]
break heavy elements apart. **** [4] create convection currents. ** [2] overcome gravity. *** [3] overcome repulsion. ** [2] (Unsure/guessing/lost/help!) *** [3]
"Proper fusion calls for hight temperatures. Without how high temperatures or pressure, the hydrogen photons will never collide or squeeze (since they 'hate' each other), therefore not produce/release any energy. You simply can't have fusion without hot temperatures or high pressures."
"Heat is needed to move atoms faster, to overcome repulsion, so they will collide. If the atoms are cold, they will not move quickly, thus will not be able to overcome repulsion."
"Atoms wouldn't move fast enough to fuse together."
"I have no idea, can you go over this in class?"
Emission: pink [71%]
Reflection: blue [79%]
Dark: brown/black [86%]
Emission: hydrogen [64%]
Reflection: small dust particles [71%]
Dark: large dust particles [86%]
Massive: shortest main-sequence lifetime [79%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium main-sequence lifetime [79%]
Low mass (red dwarf): longest main-sequence lifetime [64%]
Early, or on time. * [1] When the most people should be there. ************* [13] After most everyone has left. [0]
"My comment is that I would like a little more clarification in the nebulae section I understood most of it but was a bit confused in that section."
"Did you party much in college?" (I don't specifically remember. So, probably, yes.)
"Have you dealt with 'low-mass stars' at your house? (Expanding further on the house party question, I can't drive by myself, but I feel like I'm usually dangling between a massive and medium-mass star type of person. BUT I never want to be a low-mass, red dwarf party-goer.)
"Dr. Len, if we invite you to a function will you take shots of Hennessy with us?" (Hennessy? Why not Remy Martin?)
"Let's go over everything. I'm behind."
"How others stars compare to the sun. I found it interesting that the sun is not that bright, it's just close."
"Learning about interstellar medium was interesting because I did think space was some what empty before I read this section."
"That space is dirty and full of dust with extra hydrogen floating around."
"The concept of how stars are powered by fusion alone is interesting. There are few things like it in the universe."
"How the colors of clouds in space were from different types of interactions with dust particles or hydrogen atoms."
"That different nebulae produces different colors. Anything pink in the universe automatically catches my attention, and I think it’s so cool that that color occurs naturally in space."
"I found the nebulas to be quite interesting, probably because they are so visually appealing. Also I find the composition of them insane."
"The sequence in the proton-proton chain basically fuels the nuclear reaction in main sequence stars. The conversion of hydrogen protons to helium produces energy in the form of gamma rays and positrons and neutrinos."
"It is unexpected that four hydrogen atoms would be needed to make one helium atom."
"I found how different stars go through different rates of fusion interesting because I previously figured that all stars experienced the same levels of fusion."
"How stars are born and how long they live. Puts our little lives in a little more perspective."
"I really like the 'house party' analogy, put a smile on my face while try to do this homework."
"The cheerleader model."
"I'm a bit confused about the 'cold fusion' question because I don't know how it would be implausible."
"How does the hydrogen become squished and turn into helium in the the proton-photon chain?"
"Fusion energy? How is energy created from two things smashing into each other?"
"Why certain types of stars have the lifespans that they do."
"Star cluster ages."
"This lesson isn’t really confusing at all for me. Further review about what colors go to what nebulae and what sizes of stars have to do with fusion and luminosity, etc. for memorization help would be appreciated though."
"I found nothing too confusing for this chapter."
Massive: brightest luminosity [91%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium luminosity [97%]
Low mass (red dwarf): dimmest luminosity [94%]
Massive: fastest fusion rate [88%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium fusion rate [100%]
Low mass (red dwarf): slowest fusion rate [88%]
break heavy elements apart. ** [2] create convection currents. ** [2] overcome gravity. ** [2] overcome repulsion. ************************ [24] (Unsure/guessing/lost/help!) **** [4]
"Cold fusion is implausible due to it missing one of the two major ingredients. Without the proper high temperature, protons cannot get over their repulsion from each other and can not form a chain to create the necessary hydrogen. With a cool temperature, they will continue to bounce away from each other."
"The temperature isn't high enough for the protons in hydrogen to collide and fuse, so instead, the protons may not collide very much or at all. This means little to no energy is produced."
"Cold fusion is implausible because it is not producing enough energy for the hydrogen protons which already repel each other to collide because they are moving too slow and aren't being squeezed together enough."
"Cold fusion would be implausible because heat is needed to move atoms faster and to overcome repulsion so that they can hit each other more and cause a fusion reaction."
"I don't understand fusion. If we could go into it in more detail in class that would be really helpful."
Emission: pink [85%]
Reflection: blue [82%]
Dark: brown/black [88%]
Emission: hydrogen [88%]
Reflection: small dust particles [82%]
Dark: large dust particles [88%]
Massive: shortest main-sequence lifetime [85%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium main-sequence lifetime [91%]
Low mass (red dwarf): longest main-sequence lifetime [82%]
Early, or on time. ******** [8] When the most people should be there. ************************** [26] After most everyone has left. [0]
"When would you show up for the house party?" (Whenever I feel like it. #alwayslatebutworththewait)
"Dr. P-dog, Since you have the label 'Doctor' in front for your name this most mean you had to be in college forever. Did you go to a lot of house parties? If so what was the craziness one you ever went to?"
"What's the weirdest model you've ever heard used to describe/explain a topic within astronomy?" (The house party model. Either that, or the turkey/cornish hen model.)
"Do we get to see all massive, medium mass, and low mass stars from Earth?" (Only with a telescope. Typically the low mass and the medium mass stars are too dim to see, compared to the much, much brighter massive stars.)
"In order to prove there are stars behind a dark nebula you would need to use an infrared telescope?" (Yes, or maybe even a radio telescope (which have even longer wavelengths than radio waves).)
"When astronomers notice interstellar reddening, they notice that the stars appear redder than they should for their respective spectral types. How do they know what the spectral types are supposed to be?" (From the specific set of absorption lines.)
"The fusion of hydrogen into heavier elements all the way to iron is the limit of nucular fusion. How are heavier elements forged all the way up to uranium?" (When a massive star explodes as a type II supernova, elements heavier than iron are produced from that excess energy.)
"Will there be more extra-credit points available." (Yes, later this semester.)
| 0- 8.0 : | |
| 8.5-16.0 : | **** [low = 11.0] |
| 16.5-24.0 : | *** |
| 24.5-32.0 : | ******** [mean = 27.3 +/- 8.9] |
| 32.5-40.0 : | ******** [high = 40.0] |
| 0- 8.0 : | **** [low = 7.5] |
| 8.5-16.0 : | ****** |
| 16.5-24.0 : | *********** [mean = 23.8 +/- 9.4] |
| 24.5-32.0 : | *********** |
| 32.5-40.0 : | ********** [high = 40.0] |
"That the bigger the star is, the more bright it is. I would have figured it would be the opposite, as I feel smaller stars would be hotter. (Actually while typing this out I feel like I answered my own question, whoops!)"
"Star fusion, because I had always kinda wondered what gave stars their energy ,and although I'm not 100% sure still i know it has to do with squeezing hydrogen."
"That helium is the result of hydrogen molecules being squeezed together. It makes sense that the sun is the result of hydrogen being squeezed together because that explains why the sun is so hot. Hydrogen does not want to fuse and that is why when it does, it creates heat."
"Cheerleading! I never thought of mass and fusion to be like cheerleading, finally some language I can understand."
"The fact that all the stars are so different and unique is awesome, and makes one wonder how they all came to be the way they are."
"Hydrostatic equilibrium was really cool. Plus it makes sense to me."
"The interstellar medium. I thought it was very interesting how the interstellar dust is about the size of the particle in cigarette smoke!"
"The ability to tell the composition of clouds by their colors, because I've always wondered how they're able to so clearly decide what things are made of that we'll never be able to get to."
"It was cool to see the different types of nebulae and see what each one is composed of."
"Classifying and identifying nebulae, once broken down into three categories. And I loved learning about star formation in molecular clouds."
"Star clusters and nebulas because the pictures are really cool."
"The house party model was interesting because it helped me a lot to understand."
"Compare stars to house party guests, because I really enjoy when concepts are connected to real-world analogies that help to further one's understanding of the fundamental principle of the subject."
"Talking about the house party and how it differentiates between the early-goers and late-goers, and how they relate to stars."
"Nothing was that interesting for me."
"Using the H-R diagram for this project is confusing to me because learning specifically how we are supposed to use these diagrams has always been a struggle for me. Rather than memorizing facts and concepts, it requires a different style of learning that takes more time for me and I get left behind and end up trying to figure everything out on my own at home. That's why this type of thing is personally confusing to me. "
"At first when I saw Hertzsprung-Russell diagram I was nervous because it all appeared confusing. However once reading more about it and seeing more and more examples it’s beginning to look like a concept I may actually be able to tackle."
"Why stars on the main sequence line are ordered according to mass while the other stars are not?"
"Please go over fusion, I kind of get it but it's not that clear."
"Fusion and how the pressure and temperatures work, because I can't visualize what is happening, and have a hard time wrapping my head around the concepts."
"Why a low mass star is less bright than a larger mass star. Is it because the bigger mass stars produce more pressure due to squeezing, which creates more brightness?"
"Nebulae. These were confusing because I didn't see how we know which light to look for, which was one of the questions."
"Interstellar redding. I understand that dust cause the stars to seem more red, but I don't understand why when and where this happens and the connection to wavelengths."
"The turn-off point, I do not understand what it is."
"I am confused on what a house party has to do with star cluster age."
"A lot was confusing because I didnt have any time to get to this during the week--all my classes have tests and I messed up. :("
Massive: brightest luminosity [95%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium luminosity [92%]
Low mass (red dwarf): dimmest luminosity [95%]
Massive: fastest fusion rate [64%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium fusion rate [85%]
Low mass (red dwarf): slowest fusion rate [72%]
break heavy elements apart. ****** [6] create convection currents. *** [3] overcome gravity. ****** [6] overcome repulsion. ****************** [18] (Unsure/guessing/lost/help!) ****** [6]
"There is not enough temperature or pressure to overcome repulsion of protons."
"This is implausible because the hydrogen will not have enough speed at a low temperature to collide and stick together."
"Because in order for the fusion of hydrogen atoms, there would need to be lots of movement. There is less movement at room temperature so the atoms will not be moving as much and thus will not fuse."
"Fusion has been shown to us to happen at extremely high temperatures. We have yet to see any examples of this kind of fusion happening at room temperature."
"Because fusion reactions can only occur if they overcome the coulomb barrier which requires being very hot in order for atomic nuclei to make violent collisions."
Emission: pink [69%]
Reflection: blue [67%]
Dark: brown/black [77%]
Emission: hydrogen [85%]
Reflection: small dust particles [87%]
Dark: large dust particles [79%]
Massive: shortest main-sequence lifetime [72%]
Medium-mass (sunlike): medium main-sequence lifetime [90%]
Low mass (red dwarf): longest main-sequence lifetime [82%]
Early, or on time. ***** [5] When the most people should be there. ********************************* [33] After most everyone has left. * [1]
"Please disregard the last quiz, I am begging you."
"I understand this reading assignment more than the other weeks, however I still need some explanation of some things in class."
"I love how you relate human and things we do a lot to astronomy."
"I'm just extremely lost. I understand a lot of what we have gone over but I don't even know where to start with questions because I am just so confused."
"The whole section in the presentation about star clusters and their 'turn-off point' is difficult for me to grasp. I'd love more clarification on it."
"House parties are lit."
"I expect a house party soon."
"When's the house party again?"
