Showing posts with label house party. Show all posts
Showing posts with label house party. Show all posts

20180419

Astronomy quiz question: star cluster with medium-mass protostars

Astronomy 210 Quiz 6, spring semester 2018
Cuesta College, San Luis Obispo, CA

A star cluster with medium-mass protostars would also have __________ at the same time.
(A) massive main sequence stars.
(B) red dwarfs.
(C) white dwarfs.
(D) giants.

Correct answer (highlight to unhide): (A)

All stars in a star cluster are born at the same time, but undergo stellar evolution at different rates depending on their masses. Medium-mass stars start out as protostars, then reach their main sequence stage, and subsequently become giants, planetary nebulae, and then white dwarfs. So a star cluster with medium-mass protostars cannot have giants nor white dwarfs at the same time, as these are stages that follow the protostar stage of a medium-mass star.

A red dwarf is a low-mass star that has evolved from its protostar stage to its main sequence stage; this takes much longer for a medium-mass star to evolve from its protostar stage to its main sequence lifetime. So a star cluster with medium-mass main sequence stars cannot have red dwarfs at the same time.

A massive star will evolve from its protostar stage to its main sequence stage at a rate much rapidly than medium-mass stars. Thus it is plausible that a star cluster with medium-mass protostars can have massive main sequence stars at the same time.

Section 30676
Exam code: quiz06s0ho
(A) : 17 students
(B) : 5 students
(C) : 10 students
(D) : 10 students

Success level: 44% (including partial credit for multiple-choice)
Discrimination index (Aubrecht & Aubrecht, 1983): 0.55

Astronomy quiz question: star cluster with medium-mass main sequence stars

Astronomy 210 Quiz 6, spring semester 2018
Cuesta College, San Luis Obispo, CA

A star cluster with medium-mass main sequence stars would also have __________ at the same time.
(A) red dwarfs.
(B) supergiants.
(C) white dwarfs.
(D) giants.

Correct answer (highlight to unhide): (B)

All stars in a star cluster are born at the same time, but undergo stellar evolution at different rates depending on their masses. Medium-mass stars start out as protostars, then reach their main sequence stage, and subsequently become giants, planetary nebulae, and then white dwarfs. So a star cluster with medium-mass main sequence stars cannot have giants nor white dwarfs at the same time, as these are stages that follow the main sequence lifetime of a medium-mass star.

A red dwarf is a low-mass star that has evolved from its protostar stage to its main sequence stage; this takes much longer for a medium-mass star to evolve from its protostar stage to its main sequence lifetime. So a star cluster with medium-mass main sequence stars cannot have red dwarfs at the same time.

A supergiant is a massive star that has evolved from its protostar stage to its main sequence stage, and subsequently used up all of its core hydrogen exit its main sequence stage. Since massive stars evolve much more rapidly than medium-mass stars, then it is plausible that a star cluster with medium-mass main sequence stars can have supergiants at the same time.

Section 30674
Exam code: quiz06nG4s
(A) : 8 students
(B) : 5 students
(C) : 4 students
(D) : 6 students

Success level: 28% (including partial credit for multiple-choice)
Discrimination index (Aubrecht & Aubrecht, 1983): 0.43

20171116

Astronomy quiz question: star cluster with white dwarfs

Astronomy 210 Quiz 6, fall semester 2017
Cuesta College, San Luis Obispo, CA

A star cluster with white dwarfs would also have __________ at the same time.
(A) massive protostars.
(B) medium-mass main sequence stars.
(C) red dwarfs.
(D) giants.

Correct answer (highlight to unhide): (C)

All stars in a star cluster are born at the same time, but undergo stellar evolution at different rates depending on their masses. Medium-mass stars start out as protostars, then reach their main sequence stage, and subsequently become giants, planetary nebulae, and then white dwarfs. So a star cluster with medium-mass stars in their terminal white dwarf stage would not have the earlier stages of medium-mass stars: main-sequence nor giants.

Since massive stars evolve from protostars much faster than medium-mass stars to reach their main-sequence stage, and then to become supergiants that explode as type II supernovae, none of them will be in their protostar stage in a star cluster where the medium-mass stars have already long ended their main-sequence lifetimes.

Low-mass stars evolve from protostars much slower than medium-mass stars to reach their main-sequence stage to become red dwarfs, and since these low-mass stars have such long main-sequence lifetimes (there have been no red dwarfs that have left the main-sequence since the universe began), and so low-mass red dwarfs can be found in an old star cluster where the medium-mass stars have reached their terminal white dwarf stage.

Section 70158
Exam code: quiz06sSu3
(A) : 5 students
(B) : 19 students
(C) : 9 students
(D) : 10 students

Success level: 25% (including partial credit for multiple-choice)
Discrimination index (Aubrecht & Aubrecht, 1983): 0.31

20171115

Astronomy quiz question: stellar evolution states in star cluster

Astronomy 210 Quiz 6, fall semester 2017
Cuesta College, San Luis Obispo, CA

Medium-mass stars in a new star cluster will be in their __________ stage.
(A) protostar.
(B) red dwarf.
(C) white dwarf.
(D) supergiant.

Correct answer (highlight to unhide): (A)

All stars in a star cluster are born at the same time, but undergo stellar evolution at different rates depending on their masses. Medium-mass stars start out as protostars, then reach their main sequence stage, and subsequently become giants, planetary nebulae, and then white dwarfs. So an old star cluster would have medium-mass stars in their white dwarf stage; and a young star cluster would have medium-mass stars still in their protostar stage.

(Response (B) is a low-mass star stage; response (D) is a massive star stage.)

Section 70160
Exam code: quiz06nMuE
(A) : 18 students
(B) : 6 students
(C) : 3 students
(D) : 3 students

Success level: 61% (including partial credit for multiple-choice)
Discrimination index (Aubrecht & Aubrecht, 1983): 0.64

20170420

Astronomy quiz question: stellar evolution states in star cluster

Astronomy 210 Quiz 6, spring semester 2017
Cuesta College, San Luis Obispo, CA

At right is an H-R diagram of a star cluster. The stars in the dashed box are __________ stars that have __________ their main-sequence life.
(A) massive; not yet begun.
(B) massive; already ended.
(C) low-mass; not yet begun.
(D) low-mass; already ended.

Correct answer (highlight to unhide): (B)

All stars in a star cluster are born at the same time, but undergo stellar evolution at different rates depending on their masses. The luminous stars at the top of the H-R diagram are massive stars that evolve faster than medium-mass and low mass stars, so a star cluster containing medium-mass stars that are in their main-sequence stage (and low mass stars that have not reached the main-sequence) will have massive stars that have already left the main-sequence.

Section 30674
Exam code: quiz06n4cI
(A) : 3 students
(B) : 16 students
(C) : 0 students
(D) : 1 student

Success level: 82% (including partial credit for multiple-choice)
Discrimination index (Aubrecht & Aubrecht, 1983): 0.40

Astronomy quiz question: stellar evolution states in star cluster

Astronomy 210 Quiz 6, spring semester 2017
Cuesta College, San Luis Obispo, CA

At right is an H-R diagram of a star cluster. The stars in the dashed box are __________ stars that have __________ their main-sequence life.
(A) massive; not yet begun.
(B) massive; already ended.
(C) low-mass; not yet begun.
(D) low-mass; already ended.

Correct answer (highlight to unhide): (C)

All stars in a star cluster are born at the same time, but undergo stellar evolution at different rates depending on their masses. The dim stars at the bottom of the H-R diagram are low-mass stars that slower faster than medium-mass and massive stars, so a star cluster containing medium-mass stars that are in their main-sequence stage (and massive stars that are leaving the main-sequence) will have low-mass stars that have not already reached the main-sequence.

Section 30676
Exam code: quiz06sJ4c
(A) : 2 students
(B) : 3 students
(C) : 32 students
(D) : 2 students

Success level: 83% (including partial credit for multiple-choice)
Discrimination index (Aubrecht & Aubrecht, 1983): 0.18

20160421

Astronomy quiz question: old star cluster with red dwarfs

Astronomy 210 Quiz 6, spring semester 2016
Cuesta College, San Luis Obispo, CA

Red dwarfs and __________ will be found in an old star cluster.
(A) massive main-sequence stars.
(B) medium mass protostars.
(C) white dwarfs.
(D) supergiants.

Correct answer (highlight to unhide): (C)

All stars in a star cluster are born at the same time, but undergo stellar evolution at different rates depending on their masses. Red dwarfs are low mass stars in their main-sequence stage, and evolve slower than medium-mass stars, and much slower than massive stars. So this old star cluster will have massive stars that have already gone through their protostar, main-sequence, supergiant and type II supernova stages; and also have medium-mass stars that have already gone through through protostar, main-sequence, giant, planetary nebula, and white dwarf stages.

Section 30674
Exam code: quiz06ncM7
(A) : 3 students
(B) : 5 students
(C) : 10 students
(D) : 2 students

Success level: 53% (including partial credit for multiple-choice)
Discrimination index (Aubrecht & Aubrecht, 1983): 0.20

Section 30676
Exam code: quiz06sRR0
(A) : 9 students
(B) : 9 student
(C) : 26 students
(D) : 4 students

Success level: 55% (including partial credit for multiple-choice)
Discrimination index (Aubrecht & Aubrecht, 1983): 0.43

20151121

Astronomy quiz question: old star cluster medium-mass stars

Astronomy 210 Quiz 6, fall semester 2015
Cuesta College, San Luis Obispo, CA

Medium-mass stars in an old star cluster will be in their __________ stage.
(A) protostar.
(B) red dwarf.
(C) white dwarf.
(D) supergiant.

Correct answer (highlight to unhide): (C)

All stars in a star cluster are born at the same time, but undergo stellar evolution at different rates depending on their masses. In an old star cluster the medium-mass stars would have gone through their protostar, main-sequence and giant stages, such that they will have ultimately become white dwarfs.

Section 70158
Exam code: quiz06s7ll
(A) : 3 students
(B) : 12 students
(C) : 19 students
(D) : 6 students

Success level: 52% (including partial credit for multiple-choice)
Discrimination index (Aubrecht & Aubrecht, 1983): 0.31

Astronomy quiz question: old star cluster low-mass stars

Astronomy 210 Quiz 6, fall semester 2015
Cuesta College, San Luis Obispo, CA

Low-mass stars in an old star cluster will be in their __________ stage.
(A) protostar.
(B) red dwarf.
(C) white dwarf.
(D) supergiant.

Correct answer (highlight to unhide): (B)

All stars in a star cluster are born at the same time, but undergo stellar evolution at different rates depending on their masses. Low-mass stars evolve much more slowly than medium-mass and massive stars, so in an old star cluster they would be red dwarfs on the main-sequence.

Section 70160
Exam code: quiz06nUm6
(A) : 0 students
(B) : 17 students
(C) : 11 students
(D) : 0 students

Success level: 64% (including partial credit for multiple-choice)
Discrimination index (Aubrecht & Aubrecht, 1983): 0.43

20100514

Astronomy midterm question: possible/impossible star cluster H-R diagrams

Astronomy 210 Midterm 2, Spring Semester 2010
Cuesta College, San Luis Obispo, CA

[Version 1]

[20 points.] Shown at right could be an H-R diagram of a star cluster, where all of these stars would have the same age. Discuss whether or not this H-R diagram is possible for a star cluster, and explain why, using the properties of stars and evolution times.

Solution and grading rubric:
  • p = 20/20:
    Correct. Understands that massive stars evolve faster than low-mass stars, such that massive stars reach the upper left of the main sequence first, spend the least amount of time there, and leave well before low-mass stars become main-sequence stars. Therefore the H-R diagram is not possible for a star cluster where the stars would have the same age.
  • r = 16/20:
    Nearly correct (explanation weak, unclear or only nearly complete); includes extraneous/tangential information; or has minor errors. Argument based on interpreting low-mass stars lying just off of the main sequence line as leaving the main sequence, which is yet to be observed given the age of the universe (while ignoring the presence of massive stars on the main sequence).
  • t = 12/20:
    Contains right ideas, but discussion is unclear/incomplete or contains major errors. At least understands how massive and low-mass stars evolve at different rates to get to (and leave) the main sequence.
  • v = 8/20:
    Limited relevant discussion of supporting evidence of at least some merit, but in an inconsistent or unclear manner.
  • x = 4/20:
    Implementation/application of ideas, but credit given for effort rather than merit.
  • y = 2/20:
    Irrelevant discussion/effectively blank.
  • z = 0/20:
    Blank.
Grading distribution:
Section 30674
p: 34 students
r: 1 student
t: 5 students
v: 3 students
x: 1 student
y: 0 students
z: 0 students

A sample "p" response (from student 1802):

Another sample "p" response (from student 0310):

Yet another sample "p" response (from student 0299), mentioning the "house party" analogy discussed in class:

A sample "v" response (from student 2569), noticing an apparent lack of medium-mass stars on the main sequence:

[Version 2]

[20 points.] Shown at right could be an H-R diagram of a star cluster, where all of these stars would have the same age. Discuss whether or not this H-R diagram is possible for a star cluster, and explain why, using the properties of stars and evolution times.

Solution and grading rubric:
  • p = 20/20:
    Correct. Understands that massive stars evolve faster than low-mass stars, such that massive stars reach the upper left of the main sequence first, spend the least amount of time there, and leave well before low-mass stars become main-sequence stars. Therefore the H-R diagram is possible for a star cluster where the stars would have the same (old) age.
  • r = 16/20:
    Nearly correct (explanation weak, unclear or only nearly complete); includes extraneous/tangential information; or has minor errors.
  • t = 12/20:
    Contains right ideas, but discussion is unclear/incomplete or contains major errors. At least understands how massive and low-mass stars evolve at different rates to get to (and leave) the main sequence.
  • v = 8/20:
    Limited relevant discussion of supporting evidence of at least some merit, but in an inconsistent or unclear manner.
  • x = 4/20:
    Implementation/application of ideas, but credit given for effort rather than merit. Conclusion without substantive argument.
  • y = 2/20:
    Irrelevant discussion/effectively blank.
  • z = 0/20:
    Blank.
Grading distribution:
Section 30676
p: 35 students
r: 5 students
t: 4 students
v: 25 students
x: 7 students
y: 0 students
z: 0 students

A sample "p" response (from student 0264), also describing the cause of different evolution rates for massive and low-mass stars:

A sample "p" response (from student 8282), appealing to the "house party" analogy:

A sample "v" response (from student 1001), with a whimsical threat:

A brutally self-honest "x" response (from student ), in manga form:

20081205

Astronomy midterm question: star cluster age

Astronomy 210 Midterm 2, Fall Semester 2008
Cuesta College, San Luis Obispo, CA

[20 points.] Shown at right is an H-R diagram of a star cluster, where all of these stars have the same age. Discuss whether this star cluster is very young or is very old, and explain why.

Solution and grading rubric:
  • p = 20/20:
    Correct. Massive stars evolve quickly, and have already gone through their main sequence lifetimes to the supergiant stage, so this cannot be a very young star cluster. Low mass stars evolve slowly, so for these stars to have reached the main sequence, this must be a very old star cluster.
  • r = 16/20:
    Nearly correct (explanation weak, unclear or only nearly complete); includes extraneous/tangential information; or has minor errors.
  • t = 12/20:
    Contains right ideas, but discussion is unclear/incomplete or contains major errors. May state that this is a young star cluster, but understands how massive and low mass stars evolve differently.
  • v = 8/20:
    Limited relevant discussion of supporting evidence of at least some merit, but in an inconsistent or unclear manner. Uses other criteria to determine age of star cluster.
  • x = 4/20:
    Implementation/application of ideas, but credit given for effort rather than merit.
  • y = 2/20:
    Irrelevant discussion/effectively blank.
  • z = 0/20:
    Blank.
Grading distribution:
Section 70160
p: 14 students
r: 1 student
t: 11 students
v: 3 students
x: 0 students
y: 0 students
z: 0 students

A sample "p" response, discussing the "house party" analogy of how stellar evolution rates depend on mass (from student 3089):